OBD-II Code C0251: Electronic Brake Control Module (EBCM) Malfunction

What Does C0251 Mean?

Code C0251 means the Electronic Brake Control Module (EBCM)—the brain of your anti-lock brake system—has detected an internal circuit problem. The EBCM prevents wheel lockup during hard stops and manages traction. When this code sets, the EBCM shuts down the ABS and stability systems as a fail-safe, illuminating multiple dashboard warning lights.

Technical definition: The SAE/ISO definition for C0251 is 'Electronic Brake Control Module Control Valve Circuit Malfunction'. The EBCM performs an internal self-check and detects an electrical fault in the circuit controlling the ABS hydraulic valves. It monitors feedback voltage from the solenoid circuits; if the voltage doesn't change as commanded (e.g., stuck high or low), the code sets and the system disables.

Can I Drive With C0251?

Yes, But With Caution. Yes, but with significantly reduced safety. Standard hydraulic brakes function, but the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Traction Control (TCS), and Electronic Stability Control (ESC) are disabled. This increases emergency stopping distance by 15-35%, particularly on wet or gravel surfaces. The lack of stability control makes it easier to lose control during sudden evasive maneuvers. Drive cautiously to a repair facility; long-term driving is unsafe.

Common Causes

• Internal EBCM Failure (Very Common) — The most frequent cause, especially on General Motors vehicles. Heat cycles and vibration cause internal circuit board solder joints to crack, severing connections for power relays or valve circuits. A sudden physical shock, like hitting a pothole, often triggers the final break of a weakened joint.
• Poor EBCM Ground Connection (Common) — The EBCM requires a clean, solid ground connection to the vehicle's frame. Rust, corrosion, or a loose ground wire creates high resistance, causing erratic behavior and triggering C0251. This is a simple, frequently overlooked cause.
• Failed Electronic Parking Brake (EPB) Actuator (Subaru) (Common) — On 2010-2014 Subaru Outback and Legacy models, C0251 points directly to a failure of the electronic parking brake actuator assembly, a known defect for that specific platform.
• Damaged or Corroded Wiring/Connectors (Common) — The wiring harness and connectors leading to the EBCM are exposed to the elements. Road debris, heat, or moisture causes pin corrosion or broken wires, interrupting power or communication.
• Low Battery Voltage (Less Common) — Control modules are highly sensitive to system voltage. A weak battery provides inconsistent voltage during startup, causing the EBCM to glitch, perform a self-protect shutdown, and store false fault codes.
• Blown ABS Fuses or Relays (Less Common) — The EBCM and ABS pump motor are protected by high-amperage fuses and relays. An electrical surge or short circuit blows the fuse, cutting power to the module.
• Software Glitches (Rare) — Occasionally, the module's software corrupts, leading to false internal fault codes. Manufacturers sometimes issue software updates to fix bugs causing this code, particularly after installing an unprogrammed replacement module.

Symptoms

• ABS Warning Light On — The primary symptom. The light illuminates and stays on, indicating the Anti-lock Braking System is offline.
• Traction/Stability Control Light On — Because the EBCM controls traction and stability systems (TCS/ESC/Stabilitrak), these warning lights illuminate to indicate the safety features are disabled.
• Brake Warning Light On — The main red 'BRAKE' warning light often illuminates alongside the ABS light to draw extra attention to the braking system fault.
• ABS System Disabled — During a hard stop on a low-traction surface, the wheels lock up and skid. The brake pedal will not pulsate as it normally does when ABS is active.
• Service Stability System Message — Many vehicles display a message in the driver information center, such as 'Service Stabilitrak' or 'Service Stability System'.

Diagnostic Flowchart

Tap your situation to follow the diagnostic path that matches what you're seeing on this code.

Common Fixes & Costs

• Repair/Rebuild the EBCM — Parts: $140-$200 (Service Fee), Labor: $100-$200, ~1.5 hr book time (DIY)
• Clean EBCM Ground Connection — Parts: $0-$5, Labor: $0-$50, ~0.5 hr book time (DIY)
• Replace EBCM (New/Remanufactured) — Parts: $300-$900, Labor: $150-$300, ~2.0 hr book time (Professional)
• Replace Electronic Parking Brake Actuator (Subaru) — Parts: $700-$900, Labor: $200-$300, ~2.0 hr book time (Professional)
• Replace Blown ABS Fuses — Parts: $5-$15, Labor: $0, ~0.2 hr book time (DIY)

Used vs. New Parts: Buying Guide

When a used part is worth it: A used EBCM is a high-risk option. A professional mail-in rebuild service for your original module is almost always a better, cheaper choice.

Donor-vehicle mileage cap: roughly under 60000 miles for the part to have meaningful remaining life.

Donor quality checklist:

• Part number must be an exact match; modules are not interchangeable.
• Avoid parts from rust-belt states or flood-damaged cars.
• Verify if the used module requires VIN programming, as most do.

Decision logic:

• If A mail-in repair/rebuild service is available for your module → Choose the rebuild service. It is the most cost-effective option and requires no programming.
• If Vehicle is newer and under warranty, or a new OEM part is affordable → Buy new for the longest warranty and assurance of a working part.
• If New/reman parts are unavailable AND budget is the primary concern → A used part may be attempted, but prepare for potential failure and professional programming fees.

Warranty tradeoff: Used parts offer 30-90 day warranties. Remanufactured modules from reputable services often include a limited lifetime warranty. New OEM parts carry a 1-year warranty.

Worst-case if a used part fails: $500-1200. Includes the used part, labor, non-refundable programming fees, and the cost of a second repair.

What Happens If You Wait — Timeline

1. Immediate: Code C0251 sets. ABS, Traction Control, and Stability Control are immediately disabled. (MPG impact: 0%% · Added cost: $0. The primary cost is a significant increase in accident risk. Stopping distances increase by 15-35% in slick conditions.)
2. 1-6 Months: Continued operation with disabled safety systems. Rarely, an internal EBCM short circuit causes the ABS pump motor to run constantly with the key off. (MPG impact: 0%% · Added cost: $0, unless the rare pump-run-on issue occurs, which drains the battery ($150-$250) and burns out the ABS pump ($800-$1300).)
3. Within 1 Year: The vehicle automatically fails annual state safety inspections due to the illuminated ABS warning light. (MPG impact: 0%% · Added cost: $50-$150 for failed inspection fees and the eventual cost of the required repair.)

Cost of Not Fixing It

• Immediate: Complete loss of ABS, Traction Control, and Stability Control. Stopping distances increase 15-35% and skidding risk is significantly higher. (Added cost: $0, unless an accident occurs.)
• 1-6 Months: Continued daily safety risk. In rare instances, a faulty module causes the ABS pump to run constantly, draining the battery or burning out the pump motor. (Added cost: $150 (new battery) to $800+ (ABS pump replacement).)
• 6+ Months: Guaranteed failure of state safety inspections in many jurisdictions. (Added cost: Cost of an accident plus traffic citations for knowingly operating a vehicle with a safety defect.)

Diagnosis Steps

1. Read All Trouble Codes
   Use a professional OBD-II scanner capable of reading Chassis (C) codes to confirm C0251. Scan all vehicle modules. Note any companion codes (e.g., C0265, C0245), which strongly point to an internal EBCM issue.
   Tools: OBD-II Scanner (ABS capable) (Beginner)
2. Check Battery Voltage and Fuses
   Ensure the battery reads 12.4-12.6V with the engine off and 13.7-14.7V running. Voltage below 12.2V causes electronic faults. Locate the ABS/EBCM fuses in the under-hood and cabin fuse boxes. Visually inspect and test for blown fuses.
   Tools: Multimeter, Owner's Manual, Fuse Puller (Beginner)
3. Inspect and Clean EBCM Ground Wire
   Locate the main EBCM ground wire, typically a black wire bolted to the frame rail near the module. Unbolt it, use a wire brush to clean the frame contact point and wire terminal to shiny bare metal, re-fasten securely, and apply dielectric grease.
   Tools: Socket Set, Wire Brush, Dielectric Grease (Intermediate)
4. Perform a 'Tap Test'
   With the ignition on (engine off), clear the codes. Firmly tap the plastic EBCM housing with a screwdriver handle. If the physical shock causes the ABS light to illuminate and C0251/C0265 instantly reappears, you have confirmed a cracked internal solder joint.
   Tools: Screwdriver, OBD-II Scanner (Intermediate)
5. Inspect EBCM Wiring and Connector
   Examine the wiring harness for cracking, melting, or chafing. Disconnect the main connector and inspect the pins inside the harness and module for corrosion (green/white powder), moisture, or bent pins. Clean with contact cleaner.
   Tools: Flashlight, Electrical Contact Cleaner (Intermediate)
6. Test Power and Ground at Connector
   Using a multimeter and wiring diagram, check for proper battery voltage and ground at the EBCM connector. You should find constant 12V+, switched 12V+ (key on), and ground pins showing less than 0.5 ohms of resistance to the negative battery terminal.
   Tools: Multimeter, Vehicle Wiring Diagram (Advanced)
7. Solenoid Resistance Check
   With the EBCM unplugged, measure resistance between the main power pin and individual solenoid control pins on the module itself. For a typical Kelsey-Hayes 325 module, coils should read 3-8 ohms. A reading of OL (Open Loop) indicates a failed internal coil.
   Tools: Multimeter, Vehicle Wiring Diagram (Advanced)
8. Isolate and Remove EBCM
   If external wiring, powers, and grounds are good, and a tap test triggers the fault, the EBCM is internally faulted. On many vehicles, the electronic module unbolts from the hydraulic pump assembly (usually with T-20 Torx screws) for repair without bleeding the brakes.
   Tools: Torx Socket Set (Advanced)

When This Code Triggers (Freeze-Frame Conditions)

• Vehicle Speed: 0-5 mph (The EBCM performs a key-on self-test and a low-speed rolling test. The fault is captured immediately during these initial checks.)
• Time Since Start: < 1 minute (Because the fault is an internal circuit check, it is detected almost instantly after the ignition turns on.)
• System Voltage: 11.8-14.5V (Captures system voltage at the moment the fault logged. Low voltage (below 12V) causes modules to set false codes.)

Related Codes

• C0265 — 'EBCM Relay Circuit'. The most common companion to C0251. The relay and valve circuits are inside the EBCM and fail together due to cracked solder joints. If C0251 and C0265 appear together, the probability of an internal EBCM fault is over 95%.
• C0245 — 'Wheel Speed Sensor Frequency Error'. Often appears with C0251 as a symptom of the module's failure. The faulty EBCM cannot process the sensor's signal and falsely blames the sensor. Do not replace the wheel speed sensor.
• C0242 — 'TCS Control Malfunction'. Indicates the EBCM detected a problem with the traction control request signal. Confirms a communication breakdown rooted in the EBCM's internal failure.
• C0241 — 'EBCM Control Valve Circuit'. Redundant confirmation of an internal EBCM valve circuit fault. The diagnostic path is identical to C0251.

Climate & Environmental Factors

• Corrosion (Rust Belt Regions): Road salt attacks the EBCM's main ground connection on the frame, causing high resistance and triggering the code. It also corrodes pins in the main EBCM electrical connector.
• Extreme Cold: Cold temperatures cause thermal contraction, opening micro-cracks in solder joints just enough to break a connection. This causes the ABS light to illuminate on startup and turn off as the engine bay warms.
• Heat and Vibration: The primary cause of internal EBCM failure on GM vehicles. Years of engine heat and road vibration fatigue and crack the solder joints on the internal circuit board.
• Moisture/Humidity: High humidity or direct water intrusion leads to corrosion inside the EBCM connector or damages the circuit board if the module's seal is compromised.

How to Talk to a Mechanic About This Code

Say this: "I have an ABS light on and my scanner shows code C0251. I'd like to schedule a diagnostic. Based on my research, common causes are the EBCM's ground connection or an internal module fault. Can you please ensure the diagnostic checks the ground wire on the frame and tests for power at the module's connector before recommending a full module replacement?"

This signals you are an informed customer. It directs the technician to perform a proper diagnosis instead of jumping to the most expensive conclusion. It shows you are aware of simple fixes and protects you from unnecessary upsells.

Avoid saying:

• 'My ABS light is on, can you fix it?' (Invites a shop to replace the most expensive part.)
• 'My brakes feel weird.' (Focus on the specific warning lights and codes.)
• 'Just do whatever it takes to get the light off.' (Gives the shop a blank check.)

Questions to ask before authorizing the repair:

• Did you find good power and ground at the EBCM connector pins? This confirms the external wiring is okay.
• If recommending a module replacement, have you confirmed my original module is not rebuildable? A rebuild is cheaper and doesn't require programming.
• Does the quoted price for a replacement module include VIN programming, or is that a separate charge?
• Can I have my old parts back?

Where to Take It: Dealer vs Independent vs Chain

• Dealer: Recommended only for warranty-covered repairs. For out-of-pocket repairs, an independent shop is more cost-effective.
  Best for: Vehicles under warranty or with a specific recall/warranty extension (like the Subaru EPB issue)., Complex programming for brand-new modules on newer vehicles.
  Downsides: Highest labor rates., Will almost always replace the entire module with a new OEM part, the most expensive option ($900-$2200+)., Unwilling to program a used or customer-supplied part. (Typical cost: +75% vs. baseline)
• Independent Shop: Best overall fit. A reputable independent shop provides the best balance of cost and expertise. They are more likely to attempt a simple fix or work with a rebuilt module.
  Best for: Out-of-warranty vehicles, especially common models like GM trucks., Diagnosing and fixing common causes (bad ground, wiring issues)., Removing the module for you to send to a mail-in rebuild service.
  Downsides: Quality varies. Ensure they have an ABS-capable scan tool., May lack brand-specific tools to program a new module. (Typical cost: +0% vs. baseline)
• Chain Shop: AVOID for this repair. The risk of misdiagnosis and being sold unnecessary parts is very high.
  Best for: Simple jobs like changing tires or oil.
  Downsides: Technicians often lack diagnostic training for complex electrical codes., High pressure to upsell parts leads to misdiagnosis or recommending full module replacements without proper testing. (Typical cost: -10% vs. baseline)

When to Walk Away From the Repair

If the estimated repair cost for the C0251 code exceeds 50% of your car's private-party value, seriously consider selling the car as-is or trading it in.

• Car worth $4500, fix is $1500: Fix it. The repair cost is 33% of the vehicle's value, a reasonable investment to restore a critical safety feature.
• Car worth $3000, fix is $1800: Walk away. The repair cost is 60% of the car's value. Put that money towards a more reliable vehicle.
• Car worth $8000, fix is $300: Fix it. A $300 repair (e.g., a module rebuild service) is a small fraction of the car's value and an excellent investment.

What Scan Tool You Need for This Code

Minimum: A scanner that reads and clears Chassis (C) codes, specifically for the ABS system.

A standard $20 code reader ONLY reads Powertrain (P) codes and cannot see or clear ABS codes like C0251.

Budget: BlueDriver Pro (~$99) — Connects to your smartphone via Bluetooth. Reads and clears ABS codes, views live EBCM data, and provides freeze-frame data. Enough for a DIYer to confirm the code.

Mid-range: Foxwell NT510 Elite (~$180) — A powerful handheld tool providing manufacturer-specific diagnostics. Offers bi-directional control to command the ABS pump and valves to cycle, aiding diagnostics.

Professional: Autel MaxiCOM MK808 (~$450) — Professional-grade tool. Performs the VIN programming required when a new EBCM is installed on many vehicles. Essential if replacing the module yourself.

How to Clear the Code After You Fix It

1. Reconnect the battery if disconnected.
2. Use an OBD-II scanner capable of accessing the Chassis (ABS) system to clear the fault codes.
3. Turn the ignition off, then back on. Start the vehicle.
4. Drive the vehicle past 5 MPH to allow the EBCM to perform its rolling self-test and confirm the repair.

Drive cycle (~5 minutes): The ABS system does not require a complex emissions drive cycle. A short drive exceeding 5-10 MPH is sufficient for the module to run internal diagnostics. If warning lights stay off, the repair is successful.

Readiness monitors affected: This code does not affect emissions readiness monitors., If the battery was disconnected, all emissions monitors reset and require a full OBD-II drive cycle to become 'Ready'.

Before emissions retest: drive at least 50 miles to fully set monitors.

Watch out for:

• The code returns immediately upon the next key cycle if the root cause (e.g., bad solder joint, corroded ground) remains.
• Basic $20 OBD-II scanners only read Powertrain (P) codes and cannot see or clear this Chassis (C) code.
• Disconnecting the battery turns the light off temporarily, but the code re-logs as soon as the EBCM runs its self-test.

Will This Fail Emissions / State Inspection?

Yes — this code typically fails an OBD-II emissions inspection.

• California: An ABS light will not fail the biennial smog inspection, but causes an automatic failure of the Brake and Lamp Inspection for revived salvage vehicles.
• New York: An illuminated ABS warning light is grounds for an automatic failure of the annual safety inspection.
• Texas: The annual safety inspection includes a check of all warning lamps. If the ABS light is on, the vehicle fails.

Most Commonly Affected Vehicles

• Chevrolet Silverado, Tahoe, Suburban, Avalanche (1999-2007) — Extremely common failure of the Kelsey-Hayes EBCM due to cracked internal solder joints. Often appears with code C0265.
• GMC Sierra, Yukon (1999-2007) — Shares the same faulty Kelsey-Hayes EBCM as Chevrolet trucks, leading to a high failure rate from internal solder joint failure.
• Ford Escape (2007-2012) — Known for internal ABS module failures. The code may appear as C0251 or B1342 ('ECU Is Defective').
• BMW 3-Series (E90), 5-Series (E60), X5 (E53) (2000-2013) — The Bosch 5.7 DSC module is prone to internal failure of microscopic wires, triggering C0251 or a cascade of false wheel speed sensor codes.
• Toyota Camry (2007-2009) — Points to a failure of the ABS module computer. The electronic portion can be replaced without opening hydraulic brake lines.
• Subaru Outback, Legacy (2010-2014) — C0251 specifically indicates a failed Electronic Parking Brake (EPB) actuator. Covered by a 15-year warranty extension for automatic models.
• Cadillac Escalade (2002-2006) — Uses the same problematic Kelsey-Hayes EBCM and is prone to the same internal solder joint failures as Chevy/GMC counterparts.
• Jeep Grand Cherokee (1999-2010) — Prone to internal ABS module failures. Replacement modules require VIN programming by a dealer or specialist shop.
• Dodge / Ram Ram 1500 / 2500 (2002-2008) — Suffer from EBCM failures similar to GM trucks. Cleaning the ground connection on the frame is the critical first step.

Manufacturer-Specific Notes

• General Motors (Chevrolet, GMC, Cadillac): C0251 is famously associated with a failure of the Kelsey-Hayes EBCM. The root cause is almost always cracked solder joints on the internal circuit board. GM service directs technicians to clean the EBCM frame ground as a first step.
• Subaru: For 2010-2014 Outbacks and Legacys, C0251 specifically points to a failed Electronic Parking Brake (EPB) actuator. Subaru issued a 15-year warranty extension for automatic transmission models to cover this known problem.
• Toyota: On 2007-2009 Camrys, C0251 indicates failure of the ABS module computer. Replace just the electronic portion of the module without opening the hydraulic brake lines.
• BMW: A failing DSC module causes a cascade of unrelated error codes, commonly for wheel speed sensors. The internal failure prevents the module from reading sensor signals correctly.

Real Owner Stories

2004 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 - The Classic GM Failure

ABS and Brake warning lights illuminated. A scan showed C0251, C0265, and C0245.

What they tried:

1. Cleaned the frame ground wire, but codes returned.
2. Performed the 'tap test' on the ABS module with the ignition on. Code C0265 instantly appeared, confirming an internal physical fault.
3. Removed the electronic module (EBCM) without disconnecting brake lines and mailed it to a rebuild service.

Outcome: Reinstalling the rebuilt EBCM cleared all fault codes permanently. The wheel speed sensor code (C0245) was a false flag caused by the bad module.

Lesson: A cluster of EBCM codes combined with a positive 'tap test' guarantees internal EBCM failure. Never replace wheel speed sensors when the module is the root cause.

2011 Subaru Outback - The Subaru-Specific Problem

The 'BRAKE' light flashed, the electronic parking brake failed to engage, and the scanner showed C0251.

What they tried:

1. Researched the code and discovered it points to the Electronic Parking Brake (EPB) actuator on this specific platform.
2. Learned Subaru issued a 15-year warranty extension for this part.
3. Contacted the dealership with the VIN.

Outcome: The dealership confirmed coverage and replaced the faulty EPB actuator free of charge.

Lesson: For 2010-2014 Subaru Legacy and Outback models, C0251 has a unique meaning. Always check for warranty extensions before paying for this $1,000+ repair.

2000 GMC Sierra - The $0 Fix

Intermittent ABS and Brake lights.

What they tried:

1. Replaced front wheel speed sensors, which had no effect.
2. Located the ground wire bolted to the frame rail under the driver's side door.
3. Cleaned the wire terminal and frame contact point to bare metal.

Outcome: Re-securing the clean connection permanently resolved the issue.

Lesson: Always clean the main EBCM ground connection before attempting any other repairs on older GM trucks. It is a primary failure point due to corrosion.

How to Prevent This Code From Triggering

• Maintain a Healthy Battery (Every oil change) — Low system voltage causes EBCM glitches and false codes. Ensure voltage is above 12.4V (engine off) and 13.7V+ (engine running).
• Clean and Protect the EBCM Ground Connection (Every 3 years (annually in rust-belt areas)) — Corrosion on the frame ground point is a primary cause of C0251. Cleaning the contact points to bare metal and applying dielectric grease prevents resistance buildup.
• Regularly Change Brake Fluid (Every 2-3 years) — Brake fluid absorbs moisture. Water-contaminated fluid causes corrosion inside the ABS hydraulic unit, leading to solenoid or pump failure.
• Exercise the ABS System (Twice a year) — Performing a hard stop in a safe, empty area forces the ABS pump and valves to cycle, preventing the motor from seizing due to inactivity.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I fix code C0251 myself?

Yes, if the issue is a poor ground connection. Cleaning the EBCM ground wire is a simple, free DIY task that often solves the problem. Removing the module to send to a mail-in rebuild service is also highly accessible for DIYers.

My scanner also shows a wheel speed sensor code (C0245). Should I replace the sensor?

No. When the EBCM fails internally, it cannot process sensor signals and falsely triggers codes like C0245. Fixing the EBCM will automatically resolve these secondary sensor codes.

Can a weak battery cause code C0251?

Yes. The EBCM requires stable voltage to operate correctly. A weak battery causes voltage drops during startup, leading to electronic glitches that trigger false C0251 codes.

Why are my ABS, Brake, and Traction Control lights all on at once?

The EBCM is the central computer for all these systems. When it detects a critical internal fault like C0251, it performs a safety shutdown of all related functions. The warning lights illuminate to alert you that ABS and stability control are offline.

How much does it cost to fix code C0251?

A DIY ground wire cleaning costs nothing. Sending your original module to a mail-in rebuild service costs $140-$300 and avoids programming fees. Replacing the module with a new OEM part at a shop typically costs $900 to $1,500.

Can I clear code C0251 and just keep driving?

You can clear the code, but it will return immediately upon the next key cycle if the fault remains. Driving with this code means your ABS and stability control are disabled. This increases emergency stopping distances by up to 35% and is unsafe for long-term driving.

Do I need to bleed my brakes after replacing the EBCM?

Not usually. On most affected vehicles, the electronic module (EBCM) unbolts from the hydraulic pump without opening any fluid lines. However, if you replace the entire ABS pump assembly, you must professionally bleed the brake system.

Why did my ABS light come on right after I hit a big pothole?

Years of heat and vibration create microscopic cracks in the EBCM's internal solder joints. A sudden jolt from a pothole completely severs these weakened connections. This instantly triggers the C0251 code and disables the system.

What does C0251 mean on a Subaru?

On 2010-2014 Subaru Outback and Legacy models, C0251 specifically indicates a failed Electronic Parking Brake (EPB) actuator. This is a known defect, not a standard ABS module failure. Check with a dealer, as Subaru issued a 15-year warranty extension for this exact issue.

Key Takeaways

• Code C0251 indicates an internal circuit failure within the Electronic Brake Control Module (EBCM), instantly disabling your ABS and stability control.
• On 1999-2007 GM trucks, this code is almost always caused by cracked internal solder joints, which can be permanently fixed via a $150 mail-in rebuild service.
• Before replacing any parts, spend 15 minutes cleaning the EBCM frame ground wire to bare metal; this $0 fix resolves the code in 20% of older vehicles.
• Never replace wheel speed sensors if code C0245 appears alongside C0251; the failing EBCM triggers false sensor codes because it cannot process their signals.
• For 2010-2014 Subaru Outback and Legacy models, C0251 specifically means a failed Electronic Parking Brake (EPB) actuator, which may be covered under a 15-year warranty extension.